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光學(xué)玻璃透鏡模壓成型技術(shù)

瀏覽次數(shù)：243 日期：2025-03-20 22:25:08

光學(xué)鏡片廠(chǎng)家對(duì)光學(xué)透鏡的成型有著獨(dú)到的認(rèn)識(shí)和研究，下面就給大家分享一下相關(guān)的成型方法。

1、成型方法：玻璃之所以能夠精密模壓成型，主要是因?yàn)殚_(kāi)發(fā)了與軟化的玻璃不發(fā)生粘連的模具材料。原來(lái)的玻璃透鏡模壓成型法，是將熔融狀態(tài)的光學(xué)玻璃毛坯倒入高于玻璃轉(zhuǎn)化點(diǎn)50℃以上的低溫模具中加壓成形。這種方法不僅容易發(fā)生玻璃粘連在模具的模面上，而且產(chǎn)品還容易產(chǎn)生氣孔和冷模痕跡（皺{TodayHot}紋）不易獲得理想的形狀和面形精度。后來(lái)，采用特殊材料精密加工成的壓型模具，在無(wú)氧化氣氛的環(huán)境中，將玻璃和模具一起加熱升溫至玻璃的軟化點(diǎn)附近，在玻璃和模具大致處于相同溫度條件下，利用模具對(duì)玻璃施壓。接下來(lái)，在保持所施壓力的狀態(tài)下，一邊冷卻模具，使其溫度降至玻璃的轉(zhuǎn)化點(diǎn)以下（玻璃的軟化點(diǎn)時(shí)的玻璃粘度約為107。6泊，玻璃的轉(zhuǎn)化點(diǎn)時(shí)的玻璃粘度約為1013。4泊）這種將玻璃與模具一起實(shí)施等溫加壓的辦法叫等溫加壓法，是一種比較容易獲得高精度，即容易精密地將模具形狀表面復(fù)制下來(lái)的方法。這種玻璃光學(xué)零件的制造方法缺點(diǎn)是：加熱升溫、冷卻降溫都需要很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間，因此生產(chǎn)速度很慢。為了解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題，于是對(duì)此方法進(jìn)行了卓有成效的改進(jìn)，即在一個(gè)模壓裝置中使用數(shù)個(gè)模具，以提高生產(chǎn)效率。然而非球面模具的造價(jià)很高，采用多個(gè)模具勢(shì)必造成成本過(guò)高。針對(duì)這種情況，進(jìn)一步研究開(kāi)發(fā)出與原來(lái)的透鏡毛坯成型條件比較相近一點(diǎn)的非等溫加壓法，借以提高每一個(gè)模具的生產(chǎn)速度和模具的使用壽命。另外，還有人正在研究開(kāi)發(fā)把由熔融爐中流出來(lái)的玻璃直接精密成型的方法。

2、玻璃的種類(lèi)和毛坯{HotTag}玻璃毛坯與模壓成型品的品質(zhì)有直接的關(guān)系。按道理，大部分的天文望遠(yuǎn)鏡的光學(xué)玻璃都可用來(lái)模壓成成型品。但是，軟化點(diǎn)高的玻璃，由于成型溫度高，與模具稍微有些反應(yīng)，致使模具的使用壽命很短。所以，從模具材料容易選擇、模具的使用壽命能夠延長(zhǎng)的觀(guān)點(diǎn)出發(fā)，應(yīng)開(kāi)發(fā)適合低溫（600℃左右）條件下模壓成型的玻璃。然而，開(kāi)發(fā)的適合低溫模壓成型的玻璃必需符合能夠廉價(jià)地制造毛坯和不含有污染環(huán)境的物質(zhì)（如PbO、As2O3）的要求。對(duì)模壓成型使用的玻璃毛坯是有要求的：a.壓型前毛坯的表面一定要保持十分光滑和清潔；b.呈適當(dāng)?shù)膸缀涡螤?；c.有所需要的容量。毛坯一般都選用球形、圓餅形或球面形狀，采用冷研磨成型或熱壓成型。

Molding Technology for Optical Glass Lenses
Manufacturers of optical lenses have developed unique insights and research into the molding process for optical lenses. Below are some of the main methods for shaping optical glass lenses:

1. Molding Method
The reason why glass can be precision molded is primarily due to the development of mold materials that do not adhere to softened glass. The original method for molding glass lenses involved pouring molten optical glass blanks into a low-temperature mold, heated to a temperature 50°C above the glass transition point, and applying pressure to shape it. This method not only made it easy for the glass to adhere to the mold surface but also caused issues such as air bubbles and cold mold marks (wrinkles), making it difficult to achieve the desired shape and surface precision.
Later, precision-processed molds made from special materials were introduced. In an oxygen-free atmosphere, both the glass and mold were heated together to a temperature near the softening point of the glass, with the glass and mold at approximately the same temperature. Pressure was applied to the glass using the mold. Subsequently, while maintaining the applied pressure, the mold was cooled, lowering its temperature below the glass transition point (the viscosity of the glass at its softening point is approximately 10?.? Poise, while at its transition point, it is approximately 1013.? Poise).
This method of applying isothermal pressure to the glass and mold together is called the isothermal pressing method, which is relatively easier for achieving high precision, as it allows the mold surface's shape to be accurately replicated.
However, the downside of this manufacturing method for optical glass components is that both heating and cooling require a significant amount of time, resulting in slow production speeds.
To solve this problem, improvements were made by using multiple molds within a single pressing device to enhance production efficiency. However, the cost of aspheric molds is very high, and using multiple molds inevitably increases the overall cost.
In response to this issue, further research has led to the development of the non-isothermal pressing method, which has conditions closer to those of the original lens blank molding process. This method improves the production speed of each mold and extends the mold's lifespan.
Additionally, efforts are being made to develop a method where glass flowing directly from a melting furnace is precision-molded without intermediate steps.

2. Types of Glass and Blanks {HotTag}
The quality of glass blanks is directly related to the quality of molded products. In theory, most optical glass used in astronomical telescopes can be molded into finished products. However, glass with a high softening point requires high molding temperatures, which may cause slight reactions with the mold and significantly shorten its lifespan.
Therefore, from the perspective of easier mold material selection and extending mold lifespan, glass suitable for low-temperature molding (around 600°C) should be developed. However, the glass developed for low-temperature molding must meet the following requirements:
1. The blanks must be inexpensive to manufacture.
2. The glass must not contain environmentally harmful substances, such as PbO or As?O?.
Requirements for glass blanks used in molding:
? a. The surface of the blank must be very smooth and clean before pressing.
? b. The blank must have an appropriate geometric shape.
? c. The blank must have the required volume.
Blanks are generally spherical, disk-shaped, or hemispherical and are produced through cold grinding or hot pressing.


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